Development of the 174 GHz collective Thomson scattering diagnostics at Wendelstein 7-X.

In this paper, we present the design and commissioning results of the upgraded collective Thomson scattering diagnostic at the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. The diagnostic has a new radiometer designed to operate between the second and third harmonics of the electron cyclotron emission from the plasma at 171-177 GHz, where the emission background has a minimum and is of order 10-100 eV. It allows us to receive the scattered electromagnetic field with a significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio and extends the set of possible scattering geometries compared to the case of the original instrument operated at 140 GHz. The elements of the diagnostic are a narrowband notch filter and a frequency stabilized probing gyrotron that will allow measuring scattered radiation spectra very close to the probing frequency. Here, we characterize the microwave components applied to the radiometer and demonstrate the performance of the complete system that was achieved during the latest experimental campaign, OP2.1.

[Psychopathological correlates of depression with non-suicidal self-harm in non-psychotic mental illnesses of adolescence]. / Psikhopatologicheskie korrelyaty depressii s nesuitsidal'nymi samopovrezhdeniyami pri nepsikhoticheskikh psikhicheskikh zabolevaniyakh yunosheskogo vozrasta.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main clinical and psychopathological features of the relationship between depressive states and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in mental illnesses of the non-psychotic register in adolescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical data of 128 patients (77 males and 51 females), who presented with depressive states and NSSI in non-psychotic mental disorders during adolescence, were analyzed. The patients were examined at the Clinic of the Mental Health Research Center during the period 2020-2023. The mean age of the patients was 19±4.1 years. RESULTS: Based on the data from studying depression and NSSI in adolescence, we developed a typology, identifying three variants of affect and auto-aggressive activity interactions. The affect-dominant type (25.8%) was characterized by a predominance of affective pathology (p<.05), with the occurrence of impulsive NSSI (45.5%) and demonstrative NSSI (30.3%) (p<0.05). The personality-dominant type (43.0%) was based on pathocharacterological abnormalities (60.0%), where NSSI were represented by impulsive (25.5%), depersonalizing (27.3%), and addictive variants (32.7%) (p<0.05). The reciprocal type (31.3%) exhibited pronounced polymorphism, combining high affect variability with a tendency towards auto-aggressive behavior of varying severity and manifestations of NSSI (p<0.05). In terms of nosological distribution, schizotypal disorder predominated (45.0%) followed by predominantly borderline personality disorder (30.0%) and bipolar affective disorder (25.0%) (p<0.05). In terms of nosological distribution, schizotypal disorder predominated (45.0%), followed by predominantly borderline personality disorder (30.0%) and bipolar affective disorder (25.0%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Three types of correlation between depression and NSSI were identified, the formation of which was due to the pathoplastic influence of the age factor, nosological affiliation and a certain, including pathological personality structure. Statistically significant regularities between variants of NSSI and types of their interrelation were revealed. The results can be considered as differential diagnostic and prognostic markers of their further trajectories and, therefore, contribute to the creation of new therapeutic strategies, timely diagnosis and earlier intervention.

[Borderline personality disorder in young adults: features of psychopathology and patterns of course]. / Pogranichnoe rasstroistvo lichnosti v yunosheskom vozraste: osobennosti psikhopatologii i zakonomernosti techeniya.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the psychopathological features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescence, determine the trajectory of its further course, and develop criteria for differential diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical/psychopathological and psychometric methods were used to study 143 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: a clinical group - 73 patients, who were inpatients or outpatients in the clinical departments of the Mental Health Research Center (MHRC) in 2019-2022, and a follow-up group - 70 patients who were inpatients or outpatients in the MHRC clinic in 2006-2010. RESULTS: The structure of BPD in adolescence was clinically heterogeneous, which allowed distinguishing three typological varieties: with phenomena of «affective storm¼, which was characterized by the dominance of affective disorders, including after completion of adolescence, with some stabilization of personality structure (type I); with the dominance of addictive patterns of the type of «adrenalinomania¼, in which one of the key positions was occupied by craving impairments, with a constant need to search for new extreme hobbies, the use of psychoactive substances, which persisted after the end of adolescence (type II); with the predominance of «cognitive dissociation¼, which was characterized by the most polymorphic picture of disorders, with the predominance of self-identification disorders with dissociative disorders that retain their severity after the end of adolescence (type III). An integrative assessment of outcomes showed that rather favorable results (47.37%) (χ2=23.37, p=0.001) prevailed at type I, type II was characterized by rather unfavorable (59.26%) and unfavorable results (22.22%) (χ2=12.75, p=0.013) and type III by rather unfavorable (79.17%) and unfavorable (8.33%) outcomes (χ2=16.75, p=0.002). In the nosological evaluation of the follow-up group, 80.0% of patients were diagnosed with BPD, in the rest of the patients there was a change in diagnosis: in 14.3% for schizotypal disorder, in 5.7% for an attack-like form of schizophrenia (χ2=13.8, p=0.008; χ2=14.5, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: BPD in adolescence was confirmed in the majority of cases in adulthood. The results confirm that the typological variants of BPD are of prognostic value and can serve to further develop therapeutic and socio-rehabilitation measures.

Supply voltage control for guaranteed performance of compact terahertz vacuum electron devices.

The results of the concept development of the universal high-voltage power supply with the output parameters providing the reliable operation of compact THz vacuum electron devices have been presented and discussed. The low-level of high-voltage ripples less than 10 ppm at 6 kV, 250 mA was obtained with the help of the designed high-precision and fast-response stabilization scheme. Real-time stabilization of the output parameters of vacuum electron devices was realized by using the multiloop proportional-integral-differential feedback control and was tested with the continuous-wave clinotron tubes in millimeter range. The developed high-voltage power supply offers the high-voltage modulation mode that allows applying the THz tubes with electronic frequency tuning for frequency-modulated continuous wave radar applications.

[Suicidal behavior in patients with mental disorders in youth]. / Osobennosti suitsidal'nogo povedeniya pri psikhicheskikh rasstroistvakh yunosheskogo vozrasta.

OBJECTIVE: To study suicidal behavior in young adult patients with different mental disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifty patients (190 men and 60 women) who committed suicide attempts in youth age over the years 2009-2019 were studied. RESULTS: The most common psychological and social characteristics of young adults who attempt suicide, which set prerequisites and define the very mechanisms of suicidal behaviors, are determined. The following psychopathological types of suicidal attempts in this group of patients are identified: 1) Impulsive (30.1%); 2) Demonstrative (20.2%); 3) Overvalued (19.8%); 4) Depersonalization-related (14.9%); 5) Psychotic (10.1%); 6) Self-torturing (4.8%). The types of suicidal attempts correlate with nosologic forms. This finding is important in terms of differential diagnosis and working out therapeutic and socio-rehabilitation strategies. CONCLUSION: The dynamic study of the patients showed that the suicidal risk persists throughout the entire period of youth, including after medical intervention. Therefore, long-term and systemic individual pharmaco- and psychotherapy is required.

[Anterior stabilization of the CI-CIII vertebrae after transoral removal of an aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst of the CII vertebra (a case report and literature review)]. / Peredniaia stabilizatsiia SI-SIII pozvonkov posle transoral'nogo udaleniia agressivnoi anevrizmaticheskoi kisty SII pozvonka (klinicheskoe nabliudenie i obzor literatury).

Treatment of patients with atlantoaxial instability caused by various diseases of the skull base and craniovertebral junction combined with ventral compression of the brainstem is a complex issue that is ambiguously resolved in different ways. We present a case of stepped treatment, the most important component of which was successful transoral removal of an aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst of the CII vertebra with anterior CI-CIII segment stabilization using an individual system, which was performed through the same approach. CLINICAL CASE: A 31-year-old male patient presented with destruction of the CII body and odontoid process affected by an aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst causing disintegration of the CII posterior wall and odontoid process, which clinically manifested by constricted motion and pain in the cervical spine. RESULTS: Three-step surgical treatment was performed. First, we performed a puncture biopsy of the CII body through the submandibular approach as well as posterior occipitospondylodesis with metal instrumentation from the occipital bone level to the CIV vertebra. Two months later, the patient underwent transoral removal of the CII body and odontoid process lesion and anterior CI-CIII segment stabilization using an individual cover metal system through the same approach. Two weeks after the second intervention, the occipitospondylodesis was transformed to a posterior CI-CIII stabilization system. Control CT 8 months after surgery showed the correct position of both stabilization systems. CONCLUSION: The use of individual instrumentation for anterior stabilization of the CI-CIII vertebrae in various diseases of the craniovertebral junction area is an effective and promising technique.

[HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN CHILDREN WITH FALSE CHORDS IN THE LEFT CARDIAC VENTRICULAR].

We examined 64 children with false tendons in the left cardiac ventricular. The research included evaluation of time and frequency domain parameters of the heart rhythm with cardiointervalography. The parameter changes were noted. Thus, sympathetic vegetative system (VS) part prevalence was present in boys and characterized by decreasing of SDNN when compared with control data (85,4±5,8 и 158,2 ±25,6, р<0,05). rMSSD and PNN50%, which are responsible for parasympathetic VS part have the tendency to increasing in girls. Nevertheless, frequency domain analysis showed an increasing of the total spectrum power (TP) in both subgroups with statistically significant result (4734,2±319,4 and 3520±381 - boys, р<0,05 when compared with control; 4961,7±413,7 and 3520±381, р<0,05 - girls, respectively). That was proved by other parameters. VLF were also increased when compared with control group (4188,4±413,1 and 1717±154, р<0,05 - boys; 3050,5±468,1 and 1433±811 - girls, р<0,05, respectively), which characterizes sympathetic VS part prevalence in both subgroups. Other frequency domain parameters statistically were not changed but they had tendency as to increasing as to decreasing. All previously noted shows the sympathicotonia in children with FT. These children should be under observation of pediatricians and child cardiologists.

[Pathopsychological aspects of low back pain]. / Patopsikhologicheskie aspekty bolevykh sindromov v nizhnei chasti spiny.

Low back pain is one of the most common causes of disability in the world. Discogenic process is the leading component of the disease. A significant part of these pain syndromes become chronic that leads to disability and social maladjustment. Chronic low back pain is hard to treat due to the several types of pathogenesis. The paper analyzes the etiology, mechanisms of development, clinical features, specific characteristics, pathomorphology of the formation of psychogenic component of pain. A role of comorbid psychogenic states involved in the chronization of low back pain is considered. Main approaches to treatment of the psychogenic component of pain are presented.

[Surgical treatment of clival and axis bone cysts].

OBJECTIVE: The study objective is to present the tactics of surgical treatment of simple (solitary) bone cysts of the clival region and CII body. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two patients were operated on for simple clival and axis cysts. RESULTS: The first patient with a simple clival cyst underwent transoral clivectomy and bone cyst evacuation. Postoperative control SCT scans revealed that the cyst cavity was lined with a hemostatic material and biological glue. Restoration of bone structures of the clivus occurred after 8 months. The second patient with a simple cyst of the second cervical vertebra (axis) underwent a two-stage surgical treatment: occipitospondylodesis was carried out first, and transoral removal of the pathological process of the CII body was performed at the second stage. Control scans a year after the surgery revealed the formation of bone tissue in the axis body region, an increased cystic cavity in the odontoid process of the axis, and posterior migration of the odontoid process, which caused compression of the brainstem structures. In connection with this, we performed transoral re-intervention with removal of the cystic separated odontoid process. Postoperative control scans revealed complete removal of the cystic odontoid process and decompression of the dural sac. The article provides a detailed analysis of the modern literature that has not reported any cases of a simple bone cyst located in the clivus or upper cervical vertebrae region and, thus, has not described the tactics for surgical treatment of these complex diseases. The article presents illustrative pre-, intra-, and postoperative images and histological specimens. CONCLUSION: The described cases present successful recurrence-free surgical treatment of simple (solitary) bone cysts located both in the clivus region (1 case) and in the body and odontoid process of the axis (1 case). A feature of the second case was that the patient had an extremely rare combination of a bone cyst of the C2 body and the cystic separated odontoid process of the axis (cystic os odontoideum).

[Operative treatment of severe spine deformities].

87 patients with scoliosis, 32 cases with kyphosis of a various etiology were operated. Patients with severe scoliotic deformations (the total angle 75-140 [Russian character: see text]) got 2 types of the treatment. The first group consisted of 18 patients who were operated in two-stage surgery during the same anesthesia. In the second group (69 patients) after anterior diskectomy within 10-20 days preliminary correction of deformation with halo-pelvic traction was carried out followed by main stage of operation the final dorsal correction of deformation with Cotrel-Dubousset instruments. A significant (more than 40%) correction of deformation was achieved in both groups. However in the 2nd group the value of main angle exceeded 90 [Russian character: see text]. There were operated 32 patients with severe kyphotic deformities. Out of them 15 patients had severe posttraumatic vertebral kyphotic deformations (dislocation fractures of III-IV type according to Denis classification), 11 cases had--postlaminectomy kyphoses, 6 patients suffered from Scheuermann-Mau's disease. The patients with dislocation-fractures underwent laminectomy, reposition of dislocation, and transpedicular fixation of the vertebral column. In 14 patients dislocation was reduced completely, in the one case partially, but in all cases stable spondylosyndesis was achieved. In 8 patients dislocation-fractures were complicated by paraplegia or rough paraparesis), the 3 cases showed practically entire regress after operation, in the 5 cases no evident improvement in the neurologic status occurred. Patients with postlaminectomy kyphoses were treated with wedge vertebrotomy at the top of a curve, dorsal correction and fixation of the vertebral column with CDI system. In the 4 cases there was noted significant improvement in the neurologic status. Patients with Scheuermann-Mau's kyphosis were treated with anterior multilevel diskectomy, followed by halo-pelvic traction, and later dorsal correction of deformation with CDI system. Treatment resulted in significant correction of deformation was achieved and physiological or close to physiological sagittal profile of spine was restored.

[Tactics of surgical treatment for an inflammatory process of C0-C(I)-C(II) segments in the craniovertebral joint instability].

Pathological processes of C0-C(I)-C(II) segments, such as the clivus, atlas arch, dens, and body of the C, vertebra pose major problems for diagnosis and treatment. On removal of a sizable pathological focus, there may be instability of the craniovertebral segment, secondary displacement, and spinal compression syndrome. Therefore these patients frequently need stabilization of the craniovertebral transition. Patients with initial instability of the craniovertebral junction and subluxation of C(I)-C(II) segments are an intricate problem. The authors describe a rare case of an inflammatory process of C0-C(I)-C(II) segments with craniovertebtal junction instability. A differential diagnosis was made between chordoma, osteoblastoma, and an inflammatory focus at the above site. The following tactics was undertaken: the first stage was occipitospondylosynthesis with "Vertex" system with osteoplasty under Halo-traction; the second stage included transoral removal of a pathological removal of the dens and body of the C(II) vertebra, left lateral mass of the CI vertebra, and lower clivus. After removal of the pathological focus, there were portions of the abnormally changed bone with rarefaction without tumor tissue. Histologic studies revealed the signs of a chronic inflammatory process. A five-month follow-up showed that neurological symptoms and craniovertebral junction instability regressed. The control computed tomography made 5 months after surgery demonstrated the radical elimination of the pathology and the absence of C, vertebral subluxation. Thus, there is evidence for the tactics of successive operations (a stabilizing operation--posterior occipitospondylosynthesis (desirably under Halo-traction), followed by removal of a pathological focus via transoral access) in pathological processes of the craniovertebral C0-C(I)-C(II) in cases of initial craniovertebral junction instability.

[Diagnosis and treatment of paretic forms of lumbar osteochondrosis]. / Diagnostika i lechenie pareticheskikh form poiasnichnogo osteokhondroza.

This study was based on the analysis of the results of examination and treatment of 85 patients with lumbar osteochondrosis with paretic disturbances. The degrees of neurological disorders were analyzed by distributing these patients into three groups including patients with monoradicular, polyradicular motor disorders and circulatory disturbances in the caudal portions of the spinal cord. The informative value of the performed techniques (X-ray study, MRI, myelography, myelography with computed tomography, electroneuromyography) and the necessity of their combination for increasing the quality of diagnosis were determined. Criteria for choosing this or that treatment were defined. Indications for surgery, the time of its performance, and its efficiency were investigated. Surgical outcomes were analyzed by the groups of patients. The paper shows it necessary to use metallic fixing devices in some cases in order to stabilize an altered segment degeneratively, which allows improve the outcome of a surgical intervention. Postoperative rehabilitative treatment is also outlined.

[The health of the command officer staff doing their service in Polar regions]. / Zdorov'e komandnogo ofitserskogo sostava, prokhodiashchego sluzhu v Zapoloar'e.

Initial referral (not considering dental diseases) for the last 4 years was analyzed in servicemen from the Northern Fleet, group of navy specialists serving in Headquarters was investigated. Anamnesis and central hemodynamic parameters were studied in casual sample (388 senior officers), special questionnaires were used to determine intensity of service activity. According to the data obtained during the last 4 years level of morbidity, hospitalization and disability (without dental diseases) in servicemen constituted 857.01%, in Headquarters senior officers it was 488.77%, hospitalization level was 40.14% and 18.05% respectively; disability level constituted 259.77% and 127.06%. Distribution of persons investigated in the groups according to category of working intensity was the following: the 1st (low working intensity)--0%, the 2nd (middle working intensity)--35.6%, the 3rd (intensive work)--61.3%, the 4th (high working intensity)--3.1%. Good health level was established in the group of senior officer staff. The results obtained allow to conclude that in conditions of Kol'sky Zapolarie morbidity can be decreased approximately in 1.75 times.

Impurity nuclear spin-lattice relaxation suppression and charge exchange of chromium ions in a gamma-irradiated ruby crystal.

The possibility of directly separating and measuring the impurity and lattice contributions to nuclear spin-lattice relaxation under the condition of a steady-state magnetic saturation is demonstrated in the particular case of 27Al nuclei in a gamma-irradiated ruby crystal. Contributions from trivalent and charge-exchanged chromium ions to impurity nuclear relaxation were separated. The number of charge-exchanged chromium ions was found. The spin relaxation time of Cr4+ centers was estimated.

[Clinico-anatomical basis for the blockade of the round ligament of liver in combined treatment of acute pancreatitis]. / Kliniko-anatomicheskoe obosnovanie blokady krugloi sviazki pecheni v kompleksnom lechenii ostrogo pankreatita.

Clinico-anatomical studies enabled the authors to substantiate the optimum variant of the novocaine-medicamental blockade of the round ligament of the liver. Its employment in the complex treatment of 45 patients with acute pancreatitis improved the results of conservative therapy.

[Use of pleural obturator after pneumonectomy]. / Primenenie plevroobturatora posle pul'monektomii

The authors suggested and employed in 34 patients a balloon-devise, that is inflated in the pleural cavity following a removal of the lung. This lessens plasma and hemorrhages, thus contributing to the prophylaxis of postoperative empyemas.